Essential Grammar
Contents
Acknowledgements vii
To the student viii
To the teacher x
Present
1 am/is/are
2 am/is/are (questions)
3 I am doing (present continuous)
4 are you doing? (present continuous questions)
5 I do/work/like etc. (present simple)
6 I don’t… (present simple negative)
7 Do y o u …? (present simple questions)
8 I am doing (present continuous) and I do (present simple)
9 I have … and I’ve g o t…
Past
10 was/were
11 worked/got/went etc (past simple)
12 I didn’t… Did y o u …? (past simple negative and questions)
13 I was doing (past continuous)
14 I was doing (past continuous) and I did (past simple)
Present perfect
15 I have done (present perfect 1)
16 I’ve ju s t… I’ve already… I haven’t… yet (present perfect 2)
17 Have you ever… ? (present perfect 3)
18 How long have you … ? (present perfect 4)
19 for since ago
20 I have done (present perfect) and I did (past)
Passive
21 is done was done (passive 1)
22 is being done has been done (passive 2)
Verb forms
23 be/have/do in present and past tenses
24 Regular and irregular verbs
Future
25 What are you doing tomorrow?
26 I’m going to …
27 will/shall 1
28 will/shall 2
Modals, imperative etc.
29 might
30 can and could
31 must mustn’t don’t need to
32 should
33 I have to …
34 Would you like … ? I’d like …
35 Do this! Don’t do that! Let’s do this!
36 I used to …
There and it
37 there is there are
38 there was/were there has/have been there will be
39 It…
Auxiliary verbs
40 I am, I don’t etc
41 Have you? Are you? Don’t you? etc
42 too/either so am I / neither do I etc
43 isn’t, haven’t, don’t etc (negatives)
Questions
44 is i t … ? have you … ? do they … ? etc (questions 1)
45 Who saw you? Who did you see? (questions 2)
46 Who is she talking to? What is it like? (questions 3)
47 W h at… ? Which … ? How … ? (questions 4)
48 How long does it take … ?
49 Do you know where … ? I don’t know w h at… etc
Reported speech
50 She said th a t… He told me th a t…
-mg and t o …
51 work/working go/going do/doing
52 to … (I want to do) and -ing (I enjoy doing)
53 I want you to … I told you to …
54 I went to the shop to …
Co, get, do, make and have
55 go to … go on … go fo r… go -ing
56 get
57 do and make
58 have
Pronouns and possessives
59 I/me he/him they/them etc
60 my/his/their etc
61 Whose is this? It’s mine/yours/hers etc
62 l/me/my/mine
63 myself/yourself/themselves etc.
64 -‘s (Kate’s camera / my brother’s car etc.)
A and the
65 a/an …
66 train(s) bus(es) (singular and plural)
67 a bottle / some water (countable/uncountable 1)
68 a cake / some cake / some cakes (countable/uncountable 2)
69 a/an and the
70 th e…
71 go to work go home go to the cinema
72 I like music I hate exams
73 the … (names of places)
Determiners and pronouns
74 this/that/these/those
75 one/ones
76 some and any
77 not + any no none
78 not + anybody/anyone/anything nobody/no-one/nothing
79 somebody/anything/nowhere etc
80 every and all
81 all most some any no/none
82 both either neither
83 a lot much many
84 (a) little (a) few
Adjectives and adverbs
85 old/nice/interesting etc (adjectives)
86 quickly/badly/suddenly etc (adverbs)
87 old/older expensive / more expensive
88 older than … more expensive than …
89 not as … as
90 the oldest the most expensive
91 enough
92 too
Word order
93 He speaks English very well, (word order 1)
94 always/usually/often etc (word order 2)
95 still yet already
96 Give me that book! Give it to me!
Conjunctions and clauses
97 and but or so because
98 When …
99 If we go… If you se e … etc
100 If I had… If we w en t… etc
101 a person who … a thing that/which … (relative clauses 1)
102 the people we met the hotel you stayed at (relative clauses 2)
Prepositions
103 at 8 o’clock on Monday in April
104 from … to until since for
105 before after during while
106 in at on (places 1)
107 in at on (places 2)
108 to in at (places 3)
109 under behind, opposite etc
110 up, over, through etc
111 on at by with about
112 afraid o f…, good a t… etc of/at/for etc (prepositions) + -ing
113 listen to . . ., look a t… etc (verb + preposition)
Phrasal verbs
114 go in, fall off, run away etc (phrasal verbs 1)
115 put on your shoes put your shoes on (phrasal verbs 2)
Appendices
Appendix 1 Active and passive 243
Appendix 2 List of irregular verbs 244
Appendix 3 Irregular verbs in groups 245
Appendix 4 Short forms (he’s / I’d / don’t etc) 246
Appendix 5 Spelling 248
Appendix 6 Phrasal verbs (take off / give up etc) 250
Appendix 7 Phrasal verbs + object (put out a fire / give up your job etc) 251
Additional exercises 252
Study guide 271
Key to Exercises 283
Key to Additional exercises 310
Key to Study guide 313
Index 315
