Research synthesis
Track what three sources claim, concede, challenge and recommend.
TF30 · C1 GRAMMAR · 30 MIN
Reporting Verbs for Stance
Choose verbs that preserve what three sources assert, concede, challenge and recommend—without exaggerating their position.
Why this lesson matters · เหตุผลที่เรียนบทนี้
For learners: Preserve each source’s stance, commitment and evidence limit while synthesising three positions with accurate reporting-verb complements.
For teachers: C1 progression from 12 source-move classifications through 10 justified verb choices and four complement families to an independent three-position synthesis, verb defence and focused retry.
สำหรับผู้เรียน: รักษาท่าที ระดับความรับผิดชอบ และข้อจำกัดของหลักฐานจากแต่ละแหล่ง พร้อมสังเคราะห์สามจุดยืนด้วย reporting verbs และ complement ที่ถูกต้อง
สำหรับครู: เส้นทางระดับ C1 เริ่มจากจำแนกการสื่อสารของแหล่งข้อมูล 12 ข้อ เลือกกริยา 10 คำอย่างมีหลักฐาน ใช้ complement 4 กลุ่ม และจบด้วยการสังเคราะห์สามจุดยืน การอธิบายเหตุผลของกริยา และการลองใหม่เฉพาะจุด
Your Goal
Classify twelve source moves, choose ten accurate reporting verbs, complete four complement families, and deliver a balanced synthesis of three positions.
คำอธิบายภาษาไทย
จำแนกเจตนาของแหล่งข้อมูล 12 ข้อ เลือก reporting verb ที่ตรงความหมาย 10 คำ ใช้โครงสร้างส่วนเติมเต็ม 4 กลุ่ม และสรุปจุดยืนของแหล่งข้อมูล 3 ฝ่ายอย่างสมดุล โดยไม่เพิ่มหรือลดน้ำหนักของต้นฉบับ
Why this lesson matters
At C1, reporting verbs are evidence decisions. Claims, acknowledges, concedes, denies and warns do not describe the same relationship to a proposition. A polished synthesis fails if the verb changes the source’s commitment, hides a limitation or assigns an action to the wrong person.
ภาษาไทย: ในระดับ C1 การเลือก reporting verb คือการตัดสินใจเกี่ยวกับน้ำหนักและท่าทีของหลักฐาน คำกริยาที่ต่างกันอาจทำให้ผู้พูดดูมั่นใจ ยอมรับ ปฏิเสธ หรือเตือนต่างจากต้นฉบับได้ แม้ประโยคจะถูกไวยากรณ์ก็ตาม
PROGRESS FOCUS What improves today?
MEAN · MeaningPreserve each source’s communicative move, commitment, limitation and relationship to other positions.
FORM · FormControl that-clause, -ing, to-infinitive and object/preposition complement families.
USE · Real useDeliver a balanced three-position synthesis and defend one verb choice from the source evidence.
Your 30-minute route
1 · 4 minClassify moves
2 · 4 minCalibrate verbs
3 · 5 minControl complements
4 · 5 minRepair distortion
5 · 5 minListen and map
6 · 7 minSynthesise and retry
Teacher Lesson Plan
Source meaning comes first. Confirm the original move and degree of commitment before correcting the complement pattern. Do not reward a sophisticated verb that the source does not justify.
| Stage | Teacher move | Evidence to collect |
|---|---|---|
| 1 · Classify | Separate move, commitment and limitation. | 12 source-move cards |
| 2 · Calibrate | Contrast verbs that strengthen, soften or position a claim. | 10 justified verb choices |
| 3 · Form | Build four complement families from meaning. | 12 accurate reports |
| 4 · Repair | Reverse stance, source and pattern distortion. | 6 defensible repairs |
| 5 · Transfer | Recover three positions across two accents. | 2 source maps |
| 6 · Perform | Score MEAN/FORM/USE and target one retry. | Synthesis + defence + retry |
Stage 1 · Classify twelve source moves
Identify what each source does before choosing a reporting verb.
STUDENT TASK
PROPOSITIONWhat idea is presented?
MOVEAssert, concede, deny, warn or recommend?
COMMITMENTHow fully does the source own it?
| Source wording | Move to test | Meaning that must survive |
|---|---|---|
| “The evidence strongly supports X.” | argue / maintain | reasoned, committed position |
| “X may help, although the sample is small.” | acknowledge / concede | limited acceptance |
| “We did not alter the records.” | deny | rejection of responsibility |
| “Do not generalise beyond this group.” | warn / caution | risk and boundary |
- Read twelve short source extracts.
- Label each as assertion, evidence-based argument, concession, admission, denial, recommendation, warning, criticism or challenge.
- Underline the phrase that proves the move.
- Record the source’s commitment as strong, qualified or rejected.
- Keep one possible alternative label only when the wording supports it.
Finish evidenceTwelve source-move cards with evidence and commitment.
Teacher Help · Stage 1
Ask “Which exact words make this a concession rather than an admission?” Accept alternatives only when the learner can point to evidence. A personal opinion about the source is not evidence for the reporting verb.
Stage 2 · Choose ten verbs without shifting stance
Calibrate the distance between neutral attribution and evaluative reporting.
STUDENT TASK
Verb calibration map
| Communicative move | Useful verbs | Critical difference |
|---|---|---|
| present a position | state · claim · argue · maintain | neutral statement vs unsupported claim vs reasoned/continued position |
| accept a limit or responsibility | acknowledge · concede · admit | recognise a fact vs yield a point vs accept responsibility |
| reject or contest | deny · dispute · challenge | reject an allegation vs question truth vs test an assumption |
| direct future action | recommend · advocate · warn · caution | propose, publicly support, signal danger or set a limit |
- Select ten verbs for ten of the source extracts.
- For each, write a five-word justification from the original wording.
- Identify two tempting verbs that would overstate the source.
- Replace one vague says only when a more precise verb is defensible.
- Keep says or reports when the source move is genuinely neutral.
Check the calibration test
Argues needs reasoning; claims does not automatically mean false; concedes signals a reluctant or contrastive acceptance; admits assigns stronger responsibility; warns requires a risk.
Finish evidenceTen reporting verbs with ten source-based justifications.
Teacher Help · Stage 2
Ban thesaurus substitution. The learner must justify each verb from the source’s communicative action. If the evidence cannot distinguish states from argues, retain the more neutral option.
Stage 3 · Control four complement families
Match the grammar to the selected verb without losing speaker, action or negation.
STUDENT TASK
| Complement family | Pattern | Accurate model |
|---|---|---|
| 1 · that-clause | verb + that + clause | The review argues that the benefit is limited. |
| 2 · -ing clause | verb + -ing | The supplier denied changing the record. |
| 3 · to-infinitive | verb + to + base | The team agreed to release the data. |
| 4 · object frame | verb + object + to / of + -ing | The panel warned researchers not to generalise. · The report accused the firm of hiding costs. |
- Transform all twelve source moves into reported statements.
- Use every complement family at least twice.
- Keep the original subject, object, negation and degree of commitment.
- Mark each reporting verb and underline its whole complement.
- Explain why recommend us to and deny to change fail.
Finish evidenceTwelve reports across four complement families.
Teacher Help · Stage 3
Correct in this order: source ownership, speech act, then complement. Contrast recommend doing / recommend that someone do with advise someone to do; contrast deny doing with refuse to do.
Stage 4 · Repair six polished distortions
A grammatical sentence can still misrepresent the source.
STUDENT TASK
| Distorted report | Hidden problem | Responsible repair target |
|---|---|---|
| The authors prove that the policy works. | qualified support becomes proof | argue that it may work in… |
| The director admitted that costs could rise. | forecast becomes acceptance of fault | warned that costs could rise |
| The review recommends us to expand. | invalid complement | recommends expanding / that we expand |
| The supplier denied to alter the file. | invalid complement | denied altering the file |
| The panel conceded that the method was effective. | no contrast or reluctant acceptance in source | stated / reported that… |
| The report accused hiding the limitation. | person and preposition missing | accused the team of hiding… |
- Classify each problem as stance, strength, source, complement or participant role.
- Repair all six from the original source notes.
- Explain which two distortions would be most damaging in a public summary.
- Choose one repair where a neutral verb is safer than a precise-looking verb.
Finish evidenceSix accurate repairs and two evidence-based risk explanations.
Teacher Help · Stage 4
Reject repairs that fix only the form. Ask who now owns the position, how committed the source sounds and whether the new verb introduces evaluation not present in the original.
Stage 5 · Listen across two accents and map three positions
Recover source, move, verb, complement and relationship from two C1 summaries.
STUDENT TASKAmerican English British English
Inquiry summary
Track the verb, complement family, evidence limit and relationship between positions.
- Listen once for the issue and the three broad positions.
- Listen again for six reporting verbs and their source owners.
- Label agreement, partial agreement and tension.
- Reconstruct four sentences using four complement families.
- Identify one verb that sounds stronger than its source evidence.
- Replace it and justify the change from what you heard.
Finish evidenceTwo three-position maps and one defended verb repair.
Teacher Help · Stage 5
Audio never starts automatically. Accent variety tests source-tracking transfer, not imitation. Replay only the sentence where the learner loses the source, stance, complement or relationship.
Stage 6 · Final Practice: synthesise three positions
Balance sources, defend one verb choice and improve one precise weakness.
STUDENT TASK
FINAL PRACTICE
Source → move → verb → complement → relationship → limitation → defence → retry
- Choose three source notes on one issue.
- Use notes only: source · move · commitment · evidence · relationship.
- Give a 90-second synthesis of all three positions.
- Use at least six accurate reporting verbs across all four complement families.
- Show one agreement, one tension and one evidence limitation.
- Keep your own evaluation separate in the final sentence.
- Your partner challenges one verb: “What in the source justifies that choice?”
- Defend or replace it; after one feedback target, retry only the weakest sentence or relationship.
Performance rule: Precision means choosing the most defensible verb—not the most impressive one.
Score the first independent performance
MEAN · MeaningAll three positions, commitments, relationships and evidence limits remain faithful.
FORM · FormReporting verbs control all four complement families, participants and negation accurately.
USE · Real useThe learner gives a balanced synthesis and defends or revises one verb independently.
0 · Not yetA source position is distorted, ownership is unclear, or form blocks a reliable interpretation.
1 · With supportThe synthesis becomes faithful and clear after one stance, source, complement or relationship prompt.
2 · IndependentThree positions and the challenged verb remain accurate, balanced and defensible without a prompt.
Result: 0–2 Rebuild · 3–4 Developing · 5–6 C1 mastery evidence.
Finish evidenceOne three-position synthesis + one defended verb choice + one focused retry.
Teacher Help · Stage 6
Score the first independent attempt across MEAN, FORM and USE. Give one target only: source ownership, stance strength, complement family, relationship or evidence limitation. Keep the original score and record the retry separately.
Grammar you can use
You can now attribute and connect several positions without distorting what each source meant. Use the Dynamic Learning Graph below to revisit viewpoint and evidence distance or continue to hedging and boosting claims.
Return to Grammar LessonsContinue your learning path
Reporting Verbs and Viewpoint
Reporting Verbs and Viewpoint
ทบทวน reporting verbs และมุมมอง
Impersonal and Reporting Structures
Impersonal and Reporting Structures
เปรียบเทียบระยะห่างและความโปร่งใสของแหล่งข้อมูล
News: Fact, Opinion, and a Clear Summary
News: Fact, Opinion, and a Clear Summary
นำไปใช้แยกข้อเท็จจริง ความเห็น และสรุปข่าว
Hedging and Boosting Claims
Hedging and Boosting Claims
พัฒนาการปรับน้ำหนักของข้อกล่าวอ้าง
